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The racial makeup of the city was 95.33% White, 0.35% African American, 2.31% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.33% from other races, and 1.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.73% of the population. 37.5% were of German, 13.5% Norwegian, 9.6% English and 8.2% Irish ancestry according to. African men: 23897; African women: 7103; We reset information about new African personals every 24 hours. African youngest single men (ages 18 to 35) are far more likely than older ones (ages 39 to 50) to be looking for African dating sites - 64% vs.
By Brian Bull
It's not your history teacher's Lewis and Clark Expedition.
Sex. Violence. More sex. More violence. And even a plethora of sexually-transmitted diseases.
While the rest of America observes the Corps of Discovery's Bicentennial with scale model keelboats and Sacajawea dolls, a handful of historians and Native Americans are taking note of the seamier aspects of this historical odyssey. These tales are likely to be drowned out by the steady rumble of 30-million tourists tracking the explorer's trail between Monticello and Puget Sound, but they have persisted for the last two centuries.
And before one thinks it's all a scandalous hoax perpetrated by revisionists, its best to take the stories back to the source: Meriwether Lewis and William Clark.
A journal entry by Captain Clark as written in November, 1805:
An old woman and wife to a chief of the Chinooks came and made a camp near ours. She brought with her six young squaws I believe, for the purpose of gratifying the passions of the men of our party.....those people appear to view sensuality as a necessary evil, and do not appear to abhor it as a crime in the unmarried state. |
The Corps of Discovery's inventory also suggests the men were prepared to do more than share peace medals and trinkets with the natives. Penis syringes, salves, and other items were taken to treat syphilis and other sexually-transmitted diseases.
Marcia Poole, assistant director of the Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center in Sioux City, Iowa, says none of this is surprising. She says the Corps of Discovery's crew were mostly men in their 20s and 30s.
'They were young men, they were full of passion! They had to be full of passion,' she says. 'People are much more interesting with all of their... imperfections perhaps is one way to put it. But we're all human beings, and that tells us more about who these people were.'
Brad Tennant, a history professor at Presentation College in Aberdeen, South Dakota, says there was a world of difference in how the Indians and explorers regarded sexual intercourse.
During the men's stay with the Arikaras and Mandans of present-day North Dakota, a number of encounters were described, or at least implied. While Lewis and Clark's crew likely saw sex as recreational, the tribes viewed it as an exchange of power and skill, with the shared wife acting as a conduit.
'If a person had intercourse with a woman, then that woman had intercourse with her husband, then the power from one person to the next would be transferred....to pass on that ability to be good hunters, be good providers', says Tennant. 'And here you have this new group of people who are seen as being very special, as having `big medicine'.
Tennant says natives were particularly intrigued with Clark's slave, York. His strong physique and dark skin suggested very powerful medicine to them. One Arikara warrior had York sleep with his wife, standing guard outside the lodge entrance to keep the couple from being interrupted.
But not all encounters were well-received. In November of 1804, Sergeant John Ordway had an intimate encounter with an Indian woman without her husband's consent. When the man came across Ordway and his wife, he stabbed her several times. Captain Clark immediately ordered the officer to present the man with trinkets, and told the couple to make up.
During their long winter stay with the Mandan in 1805, Clark would describe the buffalo dance.
The old men arrange themselves in a circle and after smoke a pipe, which handed them by a young man, dress up for the purpose. The young men who have their wives back of the circle go to one of the old men with a whining tone and request the old man to take his wife, who presents naked except a robe. The girl then takes the old man, and leads him to a convenient place for the Business. We sent a man to this medicine dance last night, they gave him four girls.
An outbreak of venereal disease stunted the intercultural exchanges between the North Dakota tribes and the explorers for a spell.
After the men re-embarked towards the West in April, 1805, they had more encounters. The Shoshones were accommodating, but resentful if their women were rejected. And in the Pacific Northwest, the Clatsop and Chinook used sex as a trade item. Bartering became so frequent that Lewis warned his crew to hold off because they were running short of necessary provisions.
But beyond the amorous - and precarious -adventures, the Corps of Discovery may have left some legacies along the trail as well.
At a remote cemetery on South Dakota's Lower Brule Sioux reservation, tribal member and conservation officer Sheldon Fletcher points to a granite marker. The grave contains his great-great-great grandfather's final resting place.
'Joseph Lewis DeSmet, born 1805, died 1889, son of Meriwether Lewis of the famed Lewis and Clark expedition,' reads Fletcher. He says while meeting with Teton Sioux Indians near the Bad River in 1804, Lewis may have accidentally arranged a marriage between himself and an Indian woman named Winona. Fletcher says it's possible something was mistranslated, or the explorer could have been quick to placate to the natives.
While some have dismissed the story, Fletcher's claim is unusual in that it is supported by documentation. The Center for Western Studies in Sioux Falls, contains a church registry that repeats Joseph DeSmet's alleged link to Meriwether Lewis. The 1872 baptismal record was even witnessed and signed by a priest. |
Another account from the Nez Perce Tribe of Idaho suggests William Clark fathered a son with a chief's daughter, during the return journey from the West Coast. Tribal elder Otis Halfmoom says after the men left the Pacific territory in 1806, the woman became pregnant and gave birth to a boy with reddish hair and blue eyes.
'He used to go around saying, `Me, son of Clark. Me Clark!' Halfmoon says. He adds that the man, known as Daytime Smoker among the tribe, was created by Clark and the Nez Perce woman as a symbolic agreement of peace and unity between the tribe and the U.S. Government. Ironically, Daytime Smoker would die in captivity following the Nez Perce War of 1877.
There are others who do not accept their alleged lineage to the Corps of Discovery. Harry Charger, an elder and spiritual leader of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe of South Dakota, acknowledges that some state historical records claim Meriwether Lewis fathered his great-great-grandfather, Martin Charger.
'What they're doing is calling us bastards,' says Harry Charger, 'and to be a `breed' in those days was a bad thing.'
Charger says there's much to debate in history, and nothing will ever be fully resolved. 'Course, people will add and delete and argue, and only the Great Essence knows what has happened and what is true.'
The statements, opinions and points of view expressed in the articles published on this site are those of the authors and sh, NAJAall not be deemed to mean that they are necessarily those of NATHPO, the publisher, editor, writers, contributors or staff. Our only liability in the event of errors shall be the correction or removal of the erroneous information after verification
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| Language(s) | Dutch |
|---|---|
| Origin | |
| Meaning | smith |
| Region of origin | Netherlands |
| Other names | |
| Variant form(s) | De Smet Smeets Smet Smith Smits |
Smit is a Dutchoccupational surname. It represents an archaic spelling of the Dutch word 'smid' for 'smith' (metal worker) and is the Dutch equivalent of the English surname Smith.[1]
Frequency of occurrence in general populations[edit]
Information for surname frequency in the Netherlands is limited by the end of comprehensive census taking in the year 1971.[2] The most recent readily available information is based on the 1947 census, for which both raw census data and surname frequency data have been made available to the general public. In 1947 there were 29,783 recorded people with the surname Smit,[3] while the general census provides a figure of 9,519,000 as the 1947 population.[4] Working with this data the frequency of the Smit surname in the Netherlands in 1947 can be calculated to be ~0.313% or ~3,130 of every 1,000,000 people.[5] By comparison, the most common Dutch surname in the 1947 data was de Jong, which had a frequency of ~0.580%.[6][7]
An imperfect comparison can be made to primary English-speaking countries as of 1998 based on research by The National Trust. In 1998, the highest frequency was observed in New Zealand as 97.18 occurrences per million people, or ~1/30th the rate found in the Netherlands of 50 years before.[8] Among the nations examined in the National Trust study, relative frequencies for 1991 were: New Zealand > Australia ≅ Canada ≫ United States > Northern Ireland > Great Britain > Republic of Ireland.[8] The substantial difference between Canada and the United States indicated in this series is approximately 3.5 fold.[8]
People[edit]
- Arts
- Aernout Smit [fr] (1641–1710), Dutch painter
- André Smit [de; nl] (1916–2001), Dutch musician
- Anton Smit (b. 1945), Dutch screenwriter, television and film producer
- Arie Smit (1916–2016), Dutch-born Indonesian painter
- Bartho Smit (1924–1986), South African writer, poet, dramatist and director
- Carola Smit (b. 1963), Dutch singer
- Carolein Smit (b. 1960), Dutch ceramic art sculptor
- Floortje Smit (b. 1983), Dutch singer
- Gabriël Smit [de; nl] (1910–1981), Dutch poet and journalist
- Ger Smit [nl] (1933–2012), Dutch voice actor
- Gert Smit (1944–1998), South African singer known as 'Gene Rockwell'
- Guy Richards Smit (b. 1970), American performance artist
- Howard Smit (1911–2009), American film make-up artist
- Huub Smit [de; nl] (b. 1978), Dutch actor
- Jan Smit (b. 1985), Dutch singer
- Joseph Smit (1836–1929), Dutch zoological illustrator
- Leo Smit (1900–1943), Dutch composer and pianist
- Leo Smit (1921–1999), American composer
- Lionel Smit (b. 1982), South African artist
- Lisa Smit [fr; nl] (b. 1993), Dutch actress
- Louise Smit (b. 1940), South African children's writer
- Marianne Smit (b. 1984), Dutch harpist
- Mikie Smit (b. 1833), Dutch American writer[9][circular reference]
- Monique Smit (b. 1989), Dutch singer and television presenter
- Peter Smit (b. 1952), Dutch children's writer and publicist
- Pierre Jacques Smit (1863–1960), Dutch natural history illustrator in England
- Sjoukje Smit (b. 1950), Dutch singer known as 'Maggie McNeal'
- Wisse Alfred Pierre Smit (1903–1986), Dutch poet and literary historian
- Politics
- Adalbert Smit [ca; eo; nl] (1897–1994), Dutch Esperantist and politician
- Carry Pothuis-Smit (1872–1951), Dutch suffragist and SDAP politician
- Els Veder-Smit (b. 1921), Dutch VVD politician
- Jaap Smit (b. 1957), Dutch trade unionist and King's Commissioner
- Joke Smit (1933–1981), Dutch feminist and politician
- Michiel Smit (b. 1976), Dutch politician
- Neelie Smit (b. 1941), Dutch politician
- Nico Smit, Namibian politician
- Nicolaas Smit (1832–1896), South African Boer general and politician
- Paul Smit (b. 1953), Namibian politician and farmer
- Robert Smit (1933–1977), South African economist and politician
- Sports
De Smet Speed Dating African Americans
- Alec Smit [de; nl] (b. 1999), Dutch handball player
- Alexander Smit (b. 1985), Dutch baseball player
- Anika Smit (b. 1986), South African high jumper
- Angie Smit (b. 1991), New Zealand middle distance runner
- Arij Smit (1907–1970), Dutch boxer
- Arjan Smit [de; nl] (b.1978), Dutch inline-skater
- Arvid Smit (b. 1980), Dutch footballer
- Daryn Smit (b. 1984), South African cricketer
- David Smit (b. 1976), English cricketer
- Dennis Smit [de; nl] (b. 1981), Dutch cyclist
- Dillon Smit (b. 1992), South African rugby player
- Ettiene Smit (b. 1974), South African strongman
- G. H. Smit (b. 1976), Guernsey cricket player
- Gretha Smit (b. 1976), Dutch speedskater
- Hans Smit (b. 1958), Indonesia-born Filipino football manager
- Heinrich Smit (b. 1990), Namibian rugby player
- Jan Smit (b. 1983), Dutch footballer
- Jane Smit (b. 1972), English cricketer
- Janine Smit (b. 1991), Dutch speed skater
- Jasper Smit (b. 1980), Dutch tennis player
- Jennifer Smit [it; nl] (b. 1958), Dutch shot putter
- Jesse Smit (b. 1996), South African cricketer
- JJ Smit (b. 1995), Namibian cricketer
- Johann Smit (b. 1994), South African cricketer
- John Smit (b. 1978), South African rugby player and executive
- Julia Smit (b. 1987), American swimmer
- Kees Smit [it; nl] (b. 1940), Dutch footballer
- Kick Smit (1911–1974), Dutch footballer
- Klaas Smit (1930–2008), Dutch footballer
- Luke van der Smit (b. 1994), Namibian rugby player
- Maaike Smit (b. 1966), Dutch wheelchair tennis player
- Marjan Smit (b. 1975), Dutch softball player
- Marnix Smit (b. 1975), Dutch footballer
- Minouche Smit (b. 1975), Dutch swimmer
- Nicolaas Smit [fr] (1979–2014), South African rugby player
- Peter Smit (1961–2005), Dutch martial artist
- Riaan Smit (b. 1984), South African rugby player
- Rie Smit-Vierdag (1905–2005), Dutch freestyle swimmer
- Roelof Smit (b. 1993), South African rugby player
- Sylvia Smit (b. 1986), Dutch footballer
- Theo Smit (b. 1951), Dutch road bicycle racer
- Willie Smit (b. 1992), South African cyclist
- Yasemin Smit (b. 1984), Dutch water polo player
- Other
- Bart Smit (b. 1940), Dutch toy store owner
- Flip Smit (b. 1936), South African demographer and educator
- Fop Smit (1777–1866), Dutch naval architect, shipbuilder, and shipowner, founder of Smit International
- Jan Smit (paleontologist) (b. 1948), Dutch paleontologist
- Jan Smit (physicist) (b. 1943), Dutch theoretical physicist
- Johannes Olav Smit [nl; no; pl] (1883–1972), Dutch Roman Catholic bishop
- Jörgen Smit (1916–1991), Norwegian teacher and writer
- Lou Smit (1935–2010), American police detective
- Mabel Wisse Smit (b. 1968), Dutch widow of Prince Friso of Orange Nassau
- Neil Smit (b. 1959), American businessman and CEO
- Tim Smit (b. 1954), Dutch-born British archeologist, music producer and gardener
Compound surnames[edit]
- Arie Jan Haagen-Smit (1900–1977), Dutch chemist
- Christian Reus-Smit (b. 1961), Australian international relations scholar
- Sianoa Smit-McPhee (b. 1992), Australian actress
- Kodi Smit-McPhee (b. 1996), Australian actor
Šmit[edit]
- Jože Šmit (1922 –2004), Slovene poet, translator, editor and journalist
- Vlado Šmit (b. 1980), Serbian footballer
Notes[edit]
- ^Citation: Schulze, 2008
- ^Citation: Life Courses in Context. Project Plan.
- ^Citation: Meertens Institute: Smit.
- ^Citation: Dutch Census Digitization 1795-1971 Project.
- ^(29,783/9,519,000)*100%; 1% = 1,000 occurrence per 1,000,000 people.
- ^Citation: Meertens Institute: Jong, de.
- ^(55,256/9,519,000)*100%
- ^ abcCitation: Longley, et al., 2008.
- ^Smit, Mikie. 'The Legend of the Forest'. Henry Altemus Company.
References[edit]
De Smet Speed Dating African American
- Dutch Census Digitization 1795-1971 Project. 'Hoofdstuk II. het totale bevolkingscijfer'(Scanned page image). Dutch Censuses 1795-1971 (in Dutch). Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences (through DANS Institute and in collaboration with NWO). p. 13. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
- 'Life Courses in Context. Project Plan. Section B: Census data'. International Institute of Social History. 2007-06-28. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
- Longley, Paul; Alex Singleton; Richard Webber; Daryl Lloyd. 'Smit'. SPLINT Project, University College London. The National Trust. Retrieved 2008-03-05.External link in
|work=(help) Note that the full URL is http://www.nationaltrustnames.org.uk/Statistics.aspx?name=SMIT&year=1998&altyear=1881&country=GB&type=name , but use of any url except the base included here seldom properly resolves. - Meertens Institute. 'Jong, de'. Nederlandse Familienamen Databank (in Dutch). Meertens Institute. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
- Meertens Institute. 'Smit'. Nederlandse Familienamen Databank (in Dutch). Meertens Institute. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
- Schulze, Lorine McGinnis (2008-03-04). 'Dutch Patronymics of the 1600s'. New Netherland, New York Genealogy. Olive Tree Genealogy. Retrieved 2008-03-05.